The Promise-Plan of God and the Fragility of Inlibration: A Biblical-Theological and Historical-Critical Appraisal of Early Islamic Origins

ARTICLE GUIDE

At a Glance

This essay evaluates core Islamic apologetic claims about scriptural integrity, Christology, and early Islamic origins through historical-critical inquiry and Walter C. Kaiser Jr.’s promise-plan biblical theology. Orthodox Islamic polemics typically rest on inlibration: the Qurʾān as the eternal, uncreated, letter-perfect word of God (kalām Allāh) dictated to Muḥammad and preserved without alteration.