Exodus 9: An Exegetical and Biblical-Theological Commentary

. Following the initial warning signs, these mighty acts (nn) function not merely as physical judgments, but as cosmic acts of revelation designed to disclose YHWH's unique identity to both Israel and the nations. Through these events, YHWH advances His sworn covenant with Abraham (Gen 12:1–3; 15:13–14) by proving His absolute lordship over creation, clearly separating His covenant people from the Egyptians, and establishing that “the earth is the LORD's”.

The fifth plague initiates with Moses delivering YHWH's persistent covenant demand to Pharaoh: “Let my people go, that they may serve (nn) me”. Upon Pharaoh's refusal, YHWH strikes the Egyptian livestock with a severe pestilence (